Last updated: 3rd April 2009
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The following list provides you with Harvard Reference formats for each item and gives you both in-text and bibliography examples.
Download: Harvard Referencing Examples (PDF, filesize 150 KB)
Harvard formats have been based on the following texts which can be found in the Library:
British Standards Institute. (2000). BS5261-1:2000. Copy Preparation
and Proof Correction. Design and Layout of Documents. Milton Keynes:
BSI
British Standards Institute. (1990). BS5605:1990. Recommendations
for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes: BSI
British Standards Institute. (1989). BS1629:1989. British Standard
recommendations for References to Published materials. Milton Keynes:
BSI
Neville, C. (2007). The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding
Plagiarism. Open UP Study Skills. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Pears, R & Shields, G. (2006) Cite Them Right: The Essential Guide
to Referencing and Plagiarism. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Northumbria University
Press.
Don’t forget, If you can’t find an answer to your referencing question on RefZone, why not ask us?
Country. Name of Act: Name of Sovereign. Chapter Number – in italics or underlined. (Year of Publication – in brackets). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Great Britain. Human Rights Act 1998: Elizabeth ll. Chapter 42. (1998). London: The Stationery Office
The Human Rights Act 1998 indicated that……
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)
Author - Surname, Initials (Year of publication - in brackets). Title-in italics or underlined [Material type–in square brackets]. Collection, shelfmark. Archive/Library, City.
Turner, P.S. (1906). Image of an Artist [Manuscript]. Holden Collection. 600. Holden Library. London.
(Turner, 1906)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Atlases can be referenced in the same format as a book. If no author is available then the title of the Atlas can be used.
Author/Originator - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication – in brackets). Title of Atlas in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Title of Atlas – in italics or underlined. (Year of publication - in brackets). Series title and/or volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.
Wagner, S A. (2004). Color Atlas of the Autopsy. Boca Raton:
CRC Press
The Times Concise Atlas of the World. (2000). 8th Ed. London: Times Books
(Wagner, 2004)
As can be seen in The Times Concise Atlas of the World (2000)
Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of chapter/contribution. In: Author or Editor of Publication - Surname, Initials with (ed.) or (eds.) – in brackets, if relevant. Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Marshall, W A. (1975). The Child as a Mirror of his Brain’s Development. In: Sants, J & Butcher, H J. (eds). Development Psychology. Aylesbury, Bucks: Hazell Watson & Viney Ltd.
If you refer to an author who has contributed/produced a chapter in an edited book you will need to cite their name in the body of your work. The Bibliography must contain details of both the author providing the contribution and the author/editor(s) of the book (see above bibliography example for format)
(Marshall, 1975)
As noted by Marshall (1975)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
References from blogs will need to commence with the name of the blog owner and include the date and title of the posting (see example):
Named owner of the Blog- Surname, Initials. (Year of posting - in brackets). Title of blog entry - in italics or underlined. [Online –in square brackets]. Date the blog entry was written. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Batts, Shelly. (2007). Antioxidants in Berries Increased by Ethanol (but are daiquiris healthy). [Online] April 24th 2007. Available from: Scienceblogs.com http://scienceblogs.com/retrospectacle/2007/04/antioxidants_in_berries_increa_1.php . [Accessed: 2nd May 2008].
(Batts, 2007)
…As can be seen in Batts (2007) results.
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number - in brackets)
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s). (Year of publication - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Neville, C. (2007). The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
(Neville, 2007)
Neville (2007) commented that…
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Author - Surname, Initials. & Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s). (Year of publication - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Middleton, V. T. C. & Hawkins, R. (1998). Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
(Middleton & Hawkins, 1998)
As stated by Middleton & Hawkins (1998)
“Direct quotation are placed in double quotations marks” (First
Author’s Surname & Second Author’s Surname. Year of Publication,
p. – followed by page number – in brackets)
Author - Surname, Initials. Author - Surname, Initials & Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Bradbury, I., Boyle, J. & Morse, A., (2002). Scientific Principles for Physical Geographers. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
(Bradbury, Boyle & Morse, 2002)
As noted by Bradbury, Boyle & Morse (2002)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(First Author’s Surname, Second Author’s Surname & Third
Author's Surname. Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number
– in brackets)
Author - Surname, Initials. Et al. (Year of publication - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Campbell, N. A. et al (2008). Biology. 8th Ed. London: Pearson.
(Campbell et al, 2008)
As concluded by Campbell et al. (2008)…
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname et al. Year of Publication, p. – followed
by page number – in brackets)
If the book has an editor then (ed.) or (eds.) – both in brackets, is added after the author’s name.
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Fontana-Giusti, G. (ed.) (2008). Designing Cities for People: Social, Environmental and Psychological Sustainability. London: Earthscan.
Brenner, N. and Keil, R. (eds.) (2006). The Global Cities Reader. London: Routledge.
(ed. Fontana-Giusti, 2008)
(eds. Brenner & Keil, 2006)
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
McIlroy, D. (2003). Studying @ University: How to be a Successful Student. Sage Essential Study Skills. London: Sage.
(McIlroy 2003)
The evidence supports McIlroy’s (2003) theory that…..
“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number)
If you refer to an author who has produced more than one work in the same year you will need to add a lower case alphabetical letter after the year of publication i.e. 2000a, 2000b.
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication and alphabetical letter - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.
Carlson, N. R. (2007a). Foundations of Physiology and Psychology.
7th Ed. Boston, Mass: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
Carlson, N. R. (2007b). Physiology of Behaviour. London: Pearson
Allyn & Bacon.
(Carlson, N. R. 2007a)
(Carlson, N. R. 2007b)
Carlson (2007a) commented that…
Carlson (2007b) indicated that…….
“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number)
Author - Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication - in brackets). Title - in italics or underlined. [Online – in square brackets] City of publication: Publisher. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Sadler, P. (2003). Strategic management. [Online] Sterling. VA Kogan Page. Available from: http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/. [Accessed: 6/5/2008]
(Sadler, 2003)
As identified by Sadler (2003)
“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
The information you need to reference correctly can be found on the title page of the standard.
Author of Standard – Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Standard Number: Year Title of the standard in italics or underlined. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.
British Standards Institute. (1990). BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes: BSI
(British Standards Institute, 1990)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Many books now have a CD-ROM accompanying them. When using material from this source the following information needs to be included in your reference
Author – Surname, initials or name of originator of item if no author present. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of the main publication. [CD-ROM – in square brackets]. Place of Publication: publisher
Barnes, C. (1997). Working with Technology. [CD-ROM] London:
TechPress.
Who’s who 1897-1998. (1998) [CD-ROM] London: Oxford University
Press.
(Who’s who 1998)
(Barnes. 1997)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Country. Name of Committee, Department or Royal Commission (Year of publication – in brackets) Title of publication - in italics or underlined. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Paper number – if available in brackets).
Great Britain. Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales. National Audit Office. (2006). Tackling Child Obesity: First Steps. London: Stationery Office.
Great Britain. Department of Health. (1995). London’s Ambulance Service: Government response to the Second Report from the Health Committee Session 1994-95. London: H.M.S.O. (Cm 3009)
(Great Britain. Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities
in England and Wales. National Audit Office. 2006).
Statistics from the Great Britain Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission
for Local Authorities in England and Wales. National Audit Office. (2006)
show that………
(Great Britain. Department of Health. 1995).
As indicated by the Great Britain Department of Health (1995)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Originator or Author. (year of publication - in brackets). Game or program title - in italics or underlined. [Medium of item - in square brackets]. Series information and any dates or numeric information - if necessary. Place of Publication: Publisher
Electronic Arts. (2003). The Sims. [DISC] PlayStation2. London: Electronic Arts Inc.
If you refer to a game or program in the body of your work, the title
will need to be underlined or placed in italics:
....as can be seen in The Sims (2003)
Conference Papers are similar to authors who contribute chapters to books, i.e. the contribution appears as part of a wider publication.
Author / Editor - Surname, Initials or Authoring body or group. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Paper. In - Full Title of Conference - in italics or underlined. Series title and numbers if available. Location and Date of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher. Page numbers of paper.
Fish, J. (2008). Managing changes in the workplace. In Professional Managers Conference. Blackpool, Monday 18th to Wednesday 20th February 2008. Blackpool: PubM. pp. 42-45.
(Fish 2008)
Fish (2008) noted that…..
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Author / Editor - Surname, Initials or Authoring body or group. (Year of publication - in brackets). Full Title of Conference Report - in italics or underlined. Series title and numbers - if available. Location and Date of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher
Harris, C. and Murton, J. B. (2005). Cryospheric Systems: Glaciers and Permafrost: Selected Contributions to a Conference of the same name. Geological Society Special Publication 242. The Geological Society of London. January 2003. London: The Geological Society.
Management Centre International. (2002). Third European conference on knowledge management. Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, 24-25 September 2002. Reading: MCIL.
(Harris & Murton. 2005)
(Management Centre International. 2002)
Harris & Murton (2005) support this theory…..
As indicated by research from Management Centre International (2005)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
(Includes publications by groups, committees, government departments, companies, etc.)
Name of issuing body (Year of publication in brackets). Title of publication – in italics or underlined, Place of publication: Publisher, (Report Number – if available in brackets)
Great Britain. Department of Energy. (1977). Tidal Power Barrages in the Seven Trent Estuary: Recent Evidence on their Feasibility. London: H. M.S. O. (Energy Papers 23)
Sport Industry Research Centre. (2005). Sport Market Forecasts 2005-2009. Sheffield: Sport Industry Research Centre.
(Great Britain. Department of Energy. 1977)
The Great Britain Department of Energy (1977) concluded that…….
(Sport Industry Research Centre. 2005)
Figures from the Sport Industry Research Centre (2005) show that…….
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Choreographer – Surname, initials. (Premier date - in brackets). Title – in italics or underlined. [Venue, place of performance and date seen – in square brackets]
Jones, R. (2007). Hungarian Folk Dance. [Victoria Hall, Stoke on Trent. 16th December 2007]
(Hungarian Folk Dance, 2007)
Director/producer – Surname, initials. (Year published or first transmission in brackets). Title of Video or programme – in italics or underlined [Material type e.g.DVD/video – in square brackets], Production company or publisher [further details to identify dance works]
Jones, L. (2005). Ballet Moves [DVD] Dance Mat Ltd. [clips of various ballets illustrating professional techniques]
(Ballet Moves, 2005)
In some cases Dictionaries may not have authors so your citation or reference can use the title of the work.
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets) Dictionary Title – in italics or underlined. Series title and/or volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Title of Dictionary – in italics or underlined. (Year of publication - in brackets). Series title and/or volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Hawkins, J. M. (ed.) (1986). The Oxford Reference Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering. (2003). 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
(Hawkins 1986)
(McGraw-Hill 2003)
As noted by Hawkins (1986)
McGraw-Hill (2003) indicated that…..
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
References from a discussion list will need to commence with the name of the author of a posting to the list.
Name/sender of discussion posting - Surname, Initials. (Year of posting - in brackets). Title of discussion posting - in italics or underlined. [Online –in square brackets]. Date the entry was written. Name of discussion list. Available from – discussion list address. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Morgan, K. (2007). Teaching Referencing Skills. [Online] April 24th 2007. RefZone Discussion List Available from: http://www.Staffs.ac.uk/RefZoneLISTS [Accessed: 2nd May 2008].
(Morgan. 2007)
…As can be seen in Morgan (2007) results.
Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title - in italics or underlined. [Online – in square brackets] Place of publication: Publisher. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Sadler, P. (2003). Strategic management. [Online] Sterling. VA Kogan Page. Available from: http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/. [Accessed: 6/5/2008]
(Sadler, 2003)
As identified by Sadler (2003)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
If you use personal email communication to support your assignment please ensure that you have the consent of those involved in the email.
Sender of email - Surname, Initials. (Year of communication – in brackets) Title of communication – in italics or underlined. [Medium of communication – in square brackets] Receiver of Communication – Surname, initials. Day and month of communication
Morgan, K. (2008). Refzone. [E-mail]. Message to: A.Hatton. 10 April 2008.
(Morgan 2008)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Encyclopaedias often contain entries or articles by a collection of authors. Hence, when citing and referencing from Encyclopaedias use the same format as you would when referencing an author’s contributory chapter or article in a book.
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets) Title of entry or article. In: Author or Editor of Publication - Surname, Initials with (ed.) or (eds.) - if relevant. Title of Encyclopaedia - in italics or underlined. Series title and/or volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Ghiselin, M. T. (2001). Darwin, Charles (Darwinism). In: Levin, S. A. (ed) Encyclopaedia of Biodiversity. Volume 2 D-FI. London: Academic Press
(Ghiselin 2001)
As suggested by Ghiselin (2001)….
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Cite and reference Exhibition Catalogues in the same format as a book. However, if the exhibition catalogue has no author, use the title of the gallery or museum.
Author - Surname, Initials. or Gallery/Museum name. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets). Catalogue Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.
Reed, P. (2005). Groundswell: constructing the contemporary landscape: published on the occasion of the exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, 25th February – 16 May 2005. New York: Museum of Modern Art.
Museum of Modern Art. (2006). Edvard Munch: the modern life of the soul: published on the occasion of the exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York 17 February – 8 May 2006 with an introduction by Kynaston McShine. New York: Museum of Modern Art.
(Reed, 2005)
(Museum of Modern Art. 2006)
As Reed (2005) suggests…….
As the Museum of Modern Art (2006) exhibition highlights……
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Originator or Director of Film. (Year of distribution – in brackets). Title of the film – in italics or underlined. [Material type – in square brackets]. Place of distribution: Distribution Company
Aronofsky, D. (2000). Requiem for a Dream. [DVD]. UK: Momentum
Pictures
Lord, P & Park, N. (2000) Chicken Run. [VHS Video]. UK: Pathe
Distribution
If you refer to a film in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in italics:
….this is highlighted by Harry’s character in the film Requiem
for a Dream (Aronofsky. 2000).
…in films such as Chicken Run (Lord & Park. 2000)
Images, art work, graphs and charts from books are referenced in the same way as book chapters. In-text you need to mention the title of the image or art work and the page number, but in the Bibliography you will need to reference the source (book, etc.) where you found the image, art work, etc. as well.
For example, if you have used an illustration called Night Time by D
Bloggs from a book called Photographs and Art by M Fish you would reference
the item in the following format:
Name of Artist – surname, initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of image, graph etc. In: Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s) Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title, plate number or volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher. Year of publication.
Bloggs, D. (2004) Illustration of Night Time. In: Fish, M (ed) Photographs and Art. London: Fish & Sons.
In-text references to works of art, images, etc. in a book are highlighted
in the text by the use of italics or underlining the title of the work
of art (photograph, graph etc) and following it with the (surname of the
author of the book, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number
where the image can be located – in brackets)
The illustration Night time by Bloggs in 2001 [Fish. 2004 p.67]
shows.....
This was highlighted in Blogg’s illustration Night time [Fish.
2004 p. 67]
Please ensure that you have the co-operation of the interviewee before using information from an interview in your assignment. Also ensure that you have available copies of transcripts or audio recordings of the interview for readers to refer to, if necessary.
Name of person interviewed - Surname, Initials. (Year of interview – in round brackets). Title of interview – in italics or underlined. [Interview – medium of source]. Place of interview if available. Name of Interviewer. Date of interview
Hatton, A. Development of library support for early years students. [Interview] Staffordshire University with K Morgan. 24th April 2008.
..as indicated by Hatton ….
Please ensure that you have the co-operation of the interviewee before using information from an interview in your assignment. Also ensure that you have available copies of transcripts or audio recordings of the interview for readers to refer to, if necessary.
Name of person interviewed - Surname, Initials. (Year of interview – in round brackets). Title of interview – in italics or underlined. [Interview – medium of source]. Place of interview if available. Name of Interviewer. Date of interview
Hatton, A. Development of library support for early years students. [Interview] Staffordshire University with K Morgan. 24th April 2008.
..as indicated by Hatton ….
Author(s) - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication – in brackets). Title of article. Title of journal - in italics or underlined. Volume number. (Part number/month – in brackets). P. followed by page numbers.
Trefts, K. & Blaksee, S. (2000). Did you hear the one about Boolean operators? Incorporating comedy into library instruction. Reference Services Review. 28 (4) p. 369-378.
(Trefts & Blaksee 2000)
This supports Trefts & Blaksee’s (2000) evidence that……
“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Author(s) - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication – in brackets). Title of article. Title of journal - in italics or underlined. [Online – in square brackets] Volume number. (Part number/month – in brackets). P followed by page numbers. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Wilson, J. (1995). Enter the cyberpunk librarian: future directions in cyberspace. Library Review [Online] 44 (8) p.63-72. Available from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com [Accessed 30/01/2008]
(Wilson, J. 1995)
According to Wilson (1995)….
“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname. Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
When referencing Law Reports, square brackets are used for the year of publication when the date is essential for finding the report. Round brackets are used when the date is an assistance to when a case was reported in law reports which also have continuous volume numbers.
Names of parties – in italics. [Year – in square brackets or round brackets – see above]. Date and/or volume – if available and abbreviated name of the report and number of first page.
Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA. [1986]. A.C. 112
Parkinson v Axon. (1951). 2 K.B. 678
As highlighted in Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA [1986]
Parkinson v Axon [1951] indicated that….
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)
Name of Lecturer – Surname, Initials. (Year of lecture – in brackets). Title of lecture – in italics or underlined. [Lecture]. Title of Module. Name of teaching organisation, Department, the location and date.
Fish, J. (2007). Future of Information, [Lecture] Academic Futures. Information Management Module. Staffordshire University, Library, Room OX33, 18th July.
(Fish, J. 2007)
As indicated by Fish (2007)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Provide as much detail as possible if you are referencing from Lecture notes and/or handouts.
Name of Lecturer - Surname, Initials. (Year of Lecture – in brackets). Title of Lecture, Module Code - capitalised, [Lecture notes or handouts in square brackets] Title of Lecture notes distributed – in italics or underlined. Title of Module. Name of teaching organisation, Department, the location, date.
Fish, J. (2007). Future of Information, CC-FOINFOY2. [Lecture notes] Academic Futures. Information Management Module. Staffordshire University, Library, Room OX33, 18th July.
(Fish, J. 2007)
As indicated by Fish (2007)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Author/Originator/cartographer of map - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication – in brackets). Title of map in italics or underlined. Sheet number – if available. Scale details. Series – if available. Place of Publication: Publisher. Series – if available
Ordnance Survey. (1956). Map of Roman Britain, Scale sixteen miles to one inch. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
(Ordnance Survey, 1956)
As can be seen in the Map of Roman Britain (Ordnance Survey,
1956)
Author - Surname, Initials. or corporate author/research group. (Year of publication - in brackets) Report Title including dates and series if available - in italics or underlined. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Mintel (2008). Pizza and Pasta Restaurants - UK. London: Mintel
(Mintel 2002)
The trends highlighted by Mintel (2002)
“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname. Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Author - Surname, Initials. or corporate author/research group. (Year of publication - in brackets) Report Title including dates and series if available - in italics or underlined [Online – in square brackets]. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by the date – in square brackets]
Mintel (2007). Leisure Venue Catering UK March 2007 [online]. London: Mintel. Available from http://academic.mintel.com/ [Accessed: 25/04/2008]
(Mintel 2007)
As highlighted by Mintel (2007)
“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname. Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Books, journals and newspapers are sometime stored in a microform format i.e. microfilm or microfiche. If you are referencing from a microform you should reference the item as per the original, i.e. as a book, journal or newspaper, but indicate that the medium is microfilm or microfiche after the title of the item.
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s). (Year of publication - in brackets) Book Title - in italics or underlined. [Microfiche or Microfilm – in square brackets]. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Author(s) - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication – in brackets). Title of article. Title of journal - in italics or underlined. [Microfiche or Microfilm – in square brackets] Volume number. (Part number/month – in brackets). Page numbers.
Author (Surname, Initials). (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Article. Title of Newspaper (in italics or underlined). [Microfilm or Microfiche – in square brackets] Day and month of article. Page number – if available.
Chanel, G. B. (1967). Coco Chanel designs. [Microfilm]. Paris:
Chanel
Fred, B. (1967). The Designs of Coco Chanel. Journal of Design.
[Microfiche]. Vol.1. (2). pp. 24-29.
Jones, G. (1967). The Designs of Coco Chanel. The Paris Daily.
[Microfilm] 26th May. p. 10.
(Chanel 1967)
(Fred 1967)
(Jones 1967)
As indicated by Chanel (1967)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname. Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Musical scores are treated the same as referencing a book.
Originator of score – Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of score – in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Nyman, M. (2003). Pieces from the Piano (Pocket Manual) (Sheet Music). UK: Music Sales Ltd
(Nyman 2003)
Author of the article - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Article. Title of Newspaper - in italics or underlined. Day and month of article. Page number of article - if available.
Randerson, J. (2008). Researchers find fish that can count up to four. The Guardian. 26th February. p.14
(Randerson, 2008)
Randerson’s (2008) article indicates that….
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname. Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Author of the article - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Article. Title of Newspaper - in italics or underlined. [Online]. Day and month of article. Page number of article - if available. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Randerson, J. (2008). Researchers find fish that can count up to four. The Guardian. 26th February. p.14. Available from: http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk. [Accessed: 22nd May 2008]
(Randerson, 2008)
Randerson’s (2008) article indicates that….
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname. Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
If there is no author present, use the title of the newspaper – in italics of underlined to start your reference.
Title of Newspaper – in italics of underlined. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Article. Day and month of article. Page number of article - if available.
The Guardian. (1987). Exploration of the Coast. Nov 24th.
(The Guardian, 1987)
The Guardian (1987) article indicates that….
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname. Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Name of Cartoonist. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Cartoon. [Cartoon] Title of Newspaper - in italics or underlined. Day and month of cartoon. Page number of cartoon - if available.
Bateman, A. (2008). What a Political battle. [Cartoon] East Coast Independent. 14th April 2008. p6
(Bateman 2008)
…as depicted in Bateman’s (2008) cartoon.
If a publication clearly indicates the author as ‘anonymous’ or ‘anon’ then use this in place of the full author’s details. However, if there is no identified author or use of anonymous/anon then start the reference with the title of the item.
Anon. (Year of Publication in brackets) Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Anon. (2002). Atlas of Anatomy. Cobham, Surrey: Taj Books.
Human anatomy can be seen in this way (Anon, 2002) ...
Title of item – in italics of underlined. (Year of Publication in brackets) Any chapter of article titles. Any series, volumes and other dates – if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher. Any page numbers - if available/necessary.
The Guardian. (1987) Exploration of the Coast. Nov 24th.
The Guardian (1987) article indicates that….
If the item you are referencing has no publication date or only an approximate or dubious date, use the following information to best describe the item:
Dundee City Art Gallery and Museum. (n.d.) Dundee Tiles 1880-1930. Dundee: Dundee City Art Gallery and Museum.
Roosevelt, T. (c.1886). Thomas Hart Benton. Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin and Company.
(Dundee City Art Gallery and Museum. n.d.)
This was shown at the exhibition hosted at the Dundee City Art Gallery
and Museum (n.d.)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Country. Name of Committee, Department or Royal Commission (Year of publication – in brackets) Title of publication - in italics or underlined. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Paper number – if available in brackets).
Great Britain. Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales. National Audit Office. (2006). Tackling Child Obesity: First Steps. London: Stationery Office.
Great Britain. Department of Health. (1995). London’s Ambulance Service: Government response to the Second Report from the Health Committee Session 1994-95. London: H.M.S.O (Cm 3009)
(Great Britain. Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities
in England and Wales. National Audit Office. 2006).
Statistics from the Great Britain Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission
for Local Authorities in England and Wales. National Audit Office. (2006)
show that………
(Great Britain. Department of Health. 1995).
As indicated by the Great Britain Department of Health (1995)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Online video citation should commence with the name of the originator (screen name) or organisation which produced the online video.
Originator or Screen name of the online video. – Surname, initials or organisation if no named person is available. (Year of distribution - in brackets). Title of Online Video – in italics or underlined. If available indicate the Number and/ or title if part of a series. [Online video –in square brackets]. Date of the online video. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Berkeley University of California Events, Ucberkeleyevents. (2007).
Building Academic Library 2.0. [Online Video]. November 19th.
Available from:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_uOKFhoznI. [Accessed: May 19th 2008]
If you refer to an online video in the body of your work, the title will
need to be underlined or placed in italics:
…as can be seen in Berkeley’s presentation Building Academic
Library 2.0 (2007)
Material types can include: paintings, photographs, illustrations, ceramics, cartoons, drawing, etchings, sculptures, woodcut, etc. Your reference should state the artist’s name, its title and where the item can be located or viewed. If no name is available, use the title of the piece – in italics or underlined as the first element of the reference.
Artist – surname, initials. (Year – in brackets). Title of artwork – in italics or underlined, [Material type – in square brackets]. Title of Art Gallery, Museum etc, Location or City
Broom, S. (2002). Daylight. [Photograph]. Manor Art Gallery,
Manchester.
Cedar, M. (1938). Mars at Night. [Sculpture]. Manor Art Gallery,
Manchester.
(Broom. 2002)
…highlighted by Cedar’s Mars at Night (1938)
If you are referring to the printed publication/script of a play, emphasis is given to the author first and the play is referenced as a book (see example):
Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Play- in italics or underlined. [Play – in square brackets]. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Osborne, J. (1957). Look Back in Anger. [Play]. London: Faber and Faber
(Osborne, 1957)
…supported by Osborne’s (1957) play Look Back in Anger…
“Direct quotations from a play are placed in double quotations marks”
(playwrights’ Surname, followed by Year of Publication, Act, Scene
and/or page number – in brackets)
If you refer to production and performance elements of a play that you have viewed within your assignment, your reference will need to give emphasis to the title of the play first (see examples)
Title of Play- in italics or underlined. By Author. (Year of publication - in brackets). [Play – in square brackets]. Production date, Theatre and Place of performance: Performers names. Director.
A Round of Applause. By Harry Green. (2006). [Play]. First Produced 18th June. Round Theatre, Burns Wood. Performers: I. Bloggs & S. Jones. Director: Harry Green.
Podcast citations should commence with the name of the originator or organisation which produced the podcast.
Originator of podcast – Surname, initials or organisation if no named person is available. (Year of distribution - in brackets). Title of Podcast – in italics or underlined. Number and/or title of the episode – if needed. [Online – in square brackets]. Date of the Podcast. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
BBC Radio 4. (2008). Material World: Severn Barrage & Palaeopathology introduced by Quentin Cooper. [Online]. Thursday 15th May. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/thematerialworld.shtml. [Accessed: 19th May 2008]
If you refer to a podcast in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in italics:
…examined in BBC Radio 4’s podcast Material World: Severn Barrage & Palaeopathology (2008)
Poems are not referenced in the same way as book chapters. In-text you need to mention the poem and poet and page number, but in the Bibliography you will need to reference the source (book, etc.) where you found the poem.
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets) Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
If you refer to a poem in your work from a book, for example a poem from the following book, you will need to reference the source (book) where the poem can be found:
Fish, J. (2004). The Art of Poetry. London: Fish and Sons.
The poem Spring Time by Bloggs (Fish. 2004. p.67) shows.....
This was highlighted in Bloggs’ Spring Time (Fish. 2004.
p.67).
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Punctuation can vary when using Harvard. Hence you might find that some Harvard references will have complete full stops after each part of the reference and some may not. The generally accepted rule when using Harvard is to be consistent with your style and use of punctuation throughout your assignment. For further information or assistance, please refer to:
British Standards Institute. (1990). BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes: BSI
British Standards Institute. (2000). BS5261-1:2000. Copy Preparation and Proof Correction. Design and Layout of Documents. Milton Keynes: BSI
Neville, C. (2007). The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. Open UP Study Skills. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Pears, R & Shields, G. (2006). Cite Them Right: The Essential Guide to Referencing and Plagiarism. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Northumbria University Press.
As Radio broadcasts are the production of a collection of individuals, they should be cited using the title of the broadcast first. For programmes within a series, the episode should also be indicated after the series title.
Title - in italics or underlined. Number and/or title of the episode – if needed. (Year of distribution - in brackets). Name of broadcaster. Broadcast or transmission date
It’s Not Just about the Music. 1968 Season. (2008). BBC Radio 4. Thursday 10th April.
If you refer to a radio broadcast in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in italics:
…highlighted in It’s Not Just about the Music (2008)…
Secondary referencing occurs when you are reading a book or journal article whose author uses facts or information from research done by someone else, and you want to use this to support your own assignment.
There are 2 ways that you can approach a secondary reference:
If you have read the book ‘Modern Organisations’ by Bill Jones (2007) and he refers to another author, Jean Smith and her ideas of ‘organisational devolution’ (1987) and you want to include Smith’s ideas, using the Harvard system your citation must indicate that you have used a secondary source and not the original work undertaken by Smith.
Jean Smith (1987), as summarized by Jones (2007) highlights the application of ‘organisational devolution’ to result in……….
Or
Smith’s (1987) ‘organisational devolution’ indicates this possibility (in Jones 2007, p. 45)
When using the Harvard system in terms of secondary referencing your Bibliography only needs to give the details of the source that you have read for the assignment. Using the example above, you would refer to the main text (Jones 2007)
Jones, B (2007). Modern Organisations. London: Routledge
Artist/Originator of recording – Surname, initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title-in italics or underlined [Material type–in square brackets]. Place of Distribution: Distribution Company.
Dylan, Bob. (2001). Love and Theft [CD] UK. Columbia Recordings.
If you refer to the title of a recording in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in italics:
(Dylan, 2001)
…as influenced by Dylan’s Love and Theft (2001)…
Country. Name of Act: Name of Sovereign. Chapter Number – in italics or underlined. (Year of Publication – in brackets). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Great Britain. Human Rights Act 1998: Elizabeth ll. Chapter 42. (1998). London: The Stationery Office
The Human Rights Act 1998 indicated that……
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)
Name and date of Statutory Instrument – in italics or underlined. (SI number – in brackets)
The Rural Development (Enforcement) (England) Regulations 2007. (SI 2007/75)
The Air Quality Standards Regulations 2007. (SI 2007/64)
The Air Quality Standards Regulations 2007 indicated that……
(The Rural Development (Enforcement) (England) Regulations 2007)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)
As Television broadcasts are the production of a collection of individuals, they should be cited using the title of the broadcast first. For programmes within a series, the episode should also be indicated after the series title.
Series title – in italics or underlined. Number and/or title of the episode – if needed. (Year of distribution - in brackets). Transmitting organisation and channel, full date and time of transmission.
Panorama. The Challenge of the Sixties. (2008). BBC4. Thursday 15th May.
If you refer to a television broadcast in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in italics:
(Panorama. The Challenge of the Sixties 2008)
…examined in Panorama’s The Challenge of the Sixties
(2008)
Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of submission - in brackets) Title of Thesis - in italics or underlined. Degree statement. Degree Awarding Body. Location: Name of University.
Barnes, D. L. (2000). An Investigation into the Process of Formation of Operations Strategy in Small Manufacturing Companies. A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirements of Staffordshire University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Stoke-on-Trent: Staffordshire University.
(Barnes 2000)
…indicated by Barnes (2000)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Item title – in italics or underlined. Unpublished.
Brick, C. (2002). The Local. Unpublished.
(Brick, C. 2002)
This was the conclusion supported by Brick (2002)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks”
(Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page
number – in brackets)
Name and year of Bill. House of Parliament from which the bill originated in abbreviation format i.e. House of Lords = HL or House of Commons = HC, any relevant section numbers, if available, (number of the Bill – in brackets)
Climate Change Bill 2007-08. HL Bill (9)
As can be seen in the Climate Change Bill 2007-08….
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)
Author – Surname, initials or name of website if no author is available. (Year - in brackets). Title of website – in italics or underlined. Any numbers if website is part of a series – if needed. [Online –in square brackets]. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
BBC News (2008) Factory Gloom worst since 1980 [Online]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7681569.stm [Accessed: 21 October 2008]
(BBC News 2008)
…as reported on BBC News (2008)
Author of web document – Surname, initials or name of website if no author is available. (Year - in brackets). Title of web document – in italics or underlined. Any numbers as indicated on the web document, i.e. if part of a series - if needed. [Online –in square brackets]. Date of document – if specified. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
English Heritage. (2005). Wind Energy and the Historic Environment. [Online]. October 2005. Available from: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/Wind_Energy_(final).pdf. [Accessed: 20th May 2008]
(English Heritage. 2008)
…as indicated by English Heritage in their report Wind Energy
and the Historic Environment (2005)
Name of Wiki. (Year - in brackets). Title of Wiki – in italics or underlined. [Online –in square brackets]. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Subject Wiki for Geography Library Resources - Staffordshire University. (2007). [Online]. Available from: http://crwnwiki1.staffs.ac.uk/subjectwiki/index.php/Geography. [Accessed: 19th May 2008]
If you refer to a Wiki in the body of your work, the title will need
to be underlined or placed in italics:
(Subject Wiki for Geography Library Resources – Staffordshire
University. 2007)
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